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Cardiovascular Health

Heart health, blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease prevention and management

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Longevity 101

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3 insights
Cohort
Medium Confidence
Mechanism
High Actionability

Contemporary leading causes of death in developed populations are chronic, degenerative, and metabolic conditions—principally atherosclerotic diseases (coronary and cerebrovascular), cancer, neurodegenerative dementias (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Lewy body, vascular, frontotemporal), and metabolic disorders that amplify risk; COPD remains a major cause of death but is driven predominantly by cigarette smoking.

This frames why preventing and modifying chronic metabolic and aging‑related processes is essential to reduce present-day mortality, rather than relying mainly on acute care.

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outcome: major contributors to current mortality
population: people in developed countries
effect size: primary drivers of contemporary deaths
Expert Opinion
High Confidence
Explanation
Medium Actionability

The major successes of modern medicine (medicine 2.0) are in treating acute, life‑threatening, and surgically remediable conditions—examples include infectious diseases, surgical emergencies (e.g., appendicitis), complicated pregnancies, acute renal failure, and decompensated heart failure.

These are areas where standardized clinical interventions, antibiotics, surgery, and acute care have dramatically reduced mortality in the developed world.

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outcome: large reductions in mortality from acute and surgically treatable conditions
population: people in developed countries
Expert Opinion
Medium Confidence
Protocol
High Actionability

Concrete target domains for health‑span interventions are muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, stamina, balance and coordination, processing speed and working memory, emotional regulation/happiness, and social relationships—improvements in these domains tend to produce 'twofers' (simultaneous gains in function and longevity).

Targets are broad domains rather than prescriptive doses; choose evidence-based interventions for each domain (resistance training for strength, aerobic training for endurance, cognitive training/engagement for processing speed, psychotherapy or social interventions for emotional and relational health).

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outcome: Simultaneous improvements in functional health and downstream longevity
population: General adult population